Changes in cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in human herpesvirus-6-associated acute encephalopathy/febrile seizures.
Abstract
To
determine the involvement of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of
acute encephalopathy associated with human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6)
infection, we measured the levels of oxidative stress markers
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and hexanoyl-lysine adduct (HEL),
tau protein, and cytokines in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obtained from
patients with HHV-6-associated acute encephalopathy (HHV-6
encephalopathy) (n = 16) and complex febrile seizures associated with
HHV-6 (HHV-6 complex FS) (n = 10). We also examined changes in CSF-8OHdG
and CSF-HEL levels in patients with HHV-6 encephalopathy before and
after treatment with edaravone, a free radical scavenger. CSF-8-OHdG
levels in HHV-6 encephalopathy and HHV-6 complex FS were significantly
higher than in control subjects. In contrast, CSF-HEL levels showed no
significant difference between groups. The levels of total tau protein
in HHV-6 encephalopathy were significantly higher than in control
subjects. In six patients with HHV-6 infection (5 encephalopathy and 1
febrile seizure), the CSF-8-OHdG levels of five patients decreased after
edaravone treatment. Our results suggest that oxidative DNA damage is
involved in acute encephalopathy associated with HHV-6 infection.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25294958
Neuroprotective effects of edaravone: a novel free radical scavenger in cerebrovascular injury.
Abstract
Recanalization
and neuroprotection have been mainly targeted for the specific
treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Free radicals play a crucial role in
brain ischemic injury by exacerbating membrane damage through
peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids of cell membrane, leading to
neuronal death and brain edema. Free radicals have been implicated in
stroke pathophysiology as pivotal contributors to cell injury. Edaravone
(3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one) is a novel potent free radical
scavenger that has been clinically used to reduce the neuronal damage
following ischemic stroke. Edaravone exerts neuroprotective effects by
inhibiting endothelial injury and by ameliorating neuronal damage in
brain ischemia. Edaravone provides the desirable features of NOS: it
increases eNOS (beneficial NOS for rescuing ischemic stroke) and
decreases nNOS and iNOS (detrimental NOS). Post- reperfusion brain edema
and hemorrhagic events induced by thrombolytic therapy may be reduced
by edaravone pretreatment. Increased productions of superoxide and NO in
the brain after reperfusion and a concomitant surge in oxygen free
radicals with increased NO during recirculation lead to formation of
peroxynitrite, a superpotent radical. Edaravone, which inhibits
oxidation and enhances NO production derived from increased eNOS
expression, may improve and conserve cerebral blood flow without
peroxynitrite generation during reperfusion. Clinical experience with
edaravone suggests that this drug has a wide therapeutic time window.
The combination therapy (a thrombolytic plus edaravone) is likely to
target brain edema, reduce stroke death and improve the recovery from
neurological deficits in stoke patients.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16834755
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16834755
Wikipedia on Edaravone
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edaravone
Edaravone (Radicut) is a neuroprotective agent used for the purpose of aiding neurological recovery following acute brain ischemia and subsequent cerebral infarction.[1] It acts as a potent antioxidant and strongly scavenges free radicals, protecting against oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis.[2][3][4] It has been marketed solely in Japan by Mitsubishi Pharma since 2001.[1] and marketed in India by Edinburgh Pharmaceuticals by the brand name Arone
Edaravone has been shown to attenuate methamphetamine- and 6-OHDA-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity in the striatum and substantia nigra, and does not affect methamphetamine-induced dopamine release or hyperthermia.[5][6] It has also been demonstrated to protect against MPTP-mediated dopaminergic neurotoxicity to the substantia nigra, though notably not to the striatum.[7][8][9]