HHV-6 and oligodendrocyte cell death.

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Human herpesvirus type 6 indirectly enhances oligodendrocyte cell death.

 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13129768

Abstract

Accumulating evidence suggests that human herpesvirus type 6 (HHV-6) plays a pathogenic role in diseases of the central nervous system including multiple sclerosis (MS). Recent studies have indicated that HHV-6 DNA is detected with high frequency in MS lesions compared to normal-appearing white matter, implicating a role for HHV-6 in MS pathogenesis. It appears that T cells, which infiltrate into the brain in MS patients, and resident oligodendrocytes harbor HHV-6 virus in MS lesions. Because T cells infected with HHV-6 have elevated proinflammatory gene expression, we hypothesized that HHV-6 could be indirectly cytotoxic to glial cells, including oligodendrocytes. Supernatants from SupT1 cells infected with HHV-6 variant A (GS or U1102) or variant B (Z29) significantly reduced MO3.1 cell proliferation by 75% +/- 10%, 78% +/- 8% or 51% +/- 9%, respectively. HHV-6 viral supernatants (GS or U1102 or Z29) significantly increased MO3.1 or primary human oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) cell death, whereas primary human fetal astrocytes were not affected. Removal of HHV-6 virions or proteins by trypsin treatment from culture supernatants did not reverse the loss in oligodendrocyte proliferation or viability. Supernatants from HHV-6 GS or U1102 cultures were significantly more cytotoxic to MO3.1 cells or OPCs compared to supernatants from T cells infected with Z29. Dying oligodendrocytes did not have an apoptotic-like phenotype and toxicity was not inhibited by general inhibitor of apoptosis, ZVAD. Further, oligodendrocytes had minimal caspase-3 activation even in the presence of staurosporine, suggesting that cell death followed caspase-independent pathways. These results indicate that HHV-6 is indirectly cytotoxic to oligodendrocytes and that cell death is driven primarily by caspase-independent pathways.

The effect of human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) on cultured human neural cells: oligodendrocytes and microglia.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9839646

Abstract

Human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) is a betaherpesvirus that has been frequently associated with pediatric encephalitis. In 1995 Challoner et al reported that HHV-6 variant B (HHV-6B) was linked to multiple sclerosis (MS) due to the presence of viral DNA and antigen in the oligodendrocytes surrounding MS plaques. These findings led us to examine HHV-6B's in vitro tropism for primary neural cells. HIV-6B mediated cell-to-cell fusion in cultured adult oligodendroglia. Infection of oligodendrocytes was further confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (EM), which showed the presence of intracellular HHV-6 particles, and by PCR for HHV-6 DNA. However, the release of infectious virus was low or undetectable in multiple experiments. Microglia were also susceptible to infection by HHV-6B, as demonstrated by an antigen capture assay. We did not detect infection of a differentiated neuronal cell line (NT2D). Our findings suggest that HHV-6B infection of oligodendrocytes and/or microglia could potentially play a role in neuropathogenesis.


Infection of murine oligodendroglial precursor cells with Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6)--establishment of a murine in vitro model.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17276361

CONCLUSIONS:

Infection of murine OPCs by HHV-6 reproduces the critical phenotypes of cell cycle arrest and altered differentiation seen in human cells. The murine system provides a highly defined, accessible, and reproducible source of cells permitting the elucidation of specific viral and cell cycle genes involved in CNS viral infections of OPCs.

 Background on Oligodendrocytes:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligodendrocyte

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Another HHV-8- associated condition, the KSHV inflammatory cytokine syndrome (KICS ), has been more recently described. 48-50 Patients with this syndrome display MCD-like inflammatory symptoms, but do not have pathological findings of MCD. Patients with KICS are frequently critically ill and demonstrate marked elevations in IL-6 and IL-10, as well as high plasma HHV-8 viral loads. KICS may contribute to the inflammatory symptoms seen in some patients with severe KS or PEL, and there may be significant clinical overlap between these conditions.  https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/4/adult-and-adolescent-opportunistic-infection/342/hhv-8 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome patients may have undiagnosed internal Kaposi's Sarcoma. Prevalence in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of the Following Infectious Agents in a Cohort of 12 CFS Subjects Susan Levine Published online: 04 Dec 2011 ABSTRACT Over the last decade a wide variety of infectious agents has been associated w...
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Today Only!

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We're giving away five Kindle copies of The Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Epidemic Cover-up to the first five people in the USA who accept them here: https://www.amazon.com/ga/p/5ae212d43bae8e79
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 From Perplexity A.I. Make the case that the case that internal variable lesions in pigs with African Swine Fever are similar to the variable internal lesions of Kaposi's Sarcoma. African Swine Fever clinical presentation in the field ... Pathological Characteristics of Domestic Pigs Orally ... Full article: Pathogenicity and virulence of African swine ... Manual on meat inspection for developing countries Similarities Between Internal Variable Lesions in African Swine Fever (ASF) and Kaposi's Sarcoma Overview Both African Swine Fever (ASF) in pigs and Kaposi's Sarcoma (KS) in humans are characterized by lesions with marked variability in their internal distribution, severity, and appearance. Comparing the pathology of these diseases illuminates fundamental similarities in the variable and multi-organ nature of their internal lesions. 1. Lesion Distribution and Variability African Swine Fever: Lesions are highly variable depending on the virulence of the ASF virus and the d...
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Source:  https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2058738418812342 A compromised paraventricular nucleus within a dysfunctional hypothalamus: A novel neuroinflammatory paradigm for ME/CFS Original Abstract A neuroinflammatory paradigm is presented to help explain the pathophysiology of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). The hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is responsible for absorbing and processing multiple, incoming and convergent ‘stress’ signals, and if this cluster of neurons were affected (by neuroinflammation), the ongoing hypersensitivity of ME/CFS patients to a wide range of ‘stressors’ could be explained. Neuroinflammation that was chronic and fluctuating, as ‘inflammatory-marker’ studies support, could reflect a dynamic change in the hypothalamic PVN’s threshold for managing incoming ‘stress’ signals. This may not only be a mechanism underpinning the characteristic feature of ME/CFS, post-exertional malaise, and its associated ...
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From Perplexity A.I.: List 20 questions that would make the HIV establishment (which has demonized critics of the HIV theory) uncomfortable.

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Memo to CFS patients and CFS quacks: Let's get something straight.

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HHV-6 University Editorial Memo to CFS patients and CFS quacks: Please stop the bullshit about there being no symptoms like CFS in AIDS patients "Fatigue is a general term used to describe feelings of exhaustion, sleepiness, and lack of energy. It is a common problem among HIV-infected people. Fatigue is not a disease, but rather a symptom of disease. Some people suffer from isolated or periodic bouts of exhaustion. Others, however, experience chronic fatigue, which may greatly interfere with work or other day-to-day activities."  https://www.poz.com/basics/hiv-basics/feeling-tired-fatigue-anemia     Previous HHV-6 University Editorials August 6, 2016 HHV-6 University Editorial The Mary Schweitzer CFS Biomarker One cannot fault suffering Chronic Fatigue Syndrome patients for adopting a pragmatic attitude toward their dire situation. They pray every day for "something, anything" that will make them better. But unfortunately, there is somethi...
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  Make the case that a major shift in the HIV/AIDS paradigm could be one of the biggest earthquakes to hit science and medicine in history. A major shift in the HIV/AIDS paradigm would constitute one of the most profound intellectual and institutional earthquakes in the history of science and medicine. It would challenge not only the biomedical understanding of a virus and its pathology but also the sociopolitical and economic infrastructure that has grown around HIV research, treatment, and policy for over four decades. Such a transformation would rival the Copernican, Darwinian, or germ theory revolutions in scope and consequence. [1] [2] [3] The Structure of a Paradigm Shift Thomas Kuhn’s classical model of scientific revolutions shows that a paradigm shift fractures scientific consensus when anomalies accumulate that cannot be explained by the reigning theory. HIV/AIDS research has long been dominated by the biomedical paradigm , which locates the cause of immune coll...
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  A major nosological mistake in AIDS—meaning a fundamental error in how the disease is defined, classified, or diagnosed—could be the most consequential nosological error in history because of several deeply impactful social, scientific, and ethical consequences. Scale and Impact of AIDS The way AIDS was defined and classified determined how millions of people were diagnosed, treated, and socially perceived. Nosological mistakes have led to unnecessary suffering, stigmatization, discrimination, and sometimes fatal outcomes for entire populations. During the early epidemic, AIDS definitions dictated global policies, resource allocation, and public health strategies, impacting the lives of marginalized groups and shaping health systems globally. Misdirected Interventions and Suffering If the nosology—such as equating all immune compromise with AIDS or failing to recognize other causes—was incorrect, countless lives may have been lost or damaged due to misdiagnosis, inappropriate tre...
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  The distinction between endogenous and exogenous retroviruses is often presented as a clear-cut biological fact, but making this determination is not always straightforward—and some arguments support the view that political, institutional, and even social factors play a significant role in where and how the line is drawn. Reasons why this classification can be political and is not always clear-cut: Definition Complexity: Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are viral sequences embedded in the germline DNA, inherited across generations, and mainly considered “old,” non-infectious remnants. Exogenous retroviruses are “external” viruses that infect individuals horizontally (from person to person or animal to animal). Yet, both are often nearly indistinguishable at the genetic level—sometimes a retrovirus can exist as both, or transition between the two categories over evolutionary time. Intermediate and Ambiguous Cases: Evidence suggests certain viruses classified as endogenous today were...
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Oral Kaposi's Sarcoma looks like the Crimson Crescents in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome patients.

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This is what oral Kaposi's Sarcoma looks like. Source:  https://doctorspiller.com/kaposis-sarcoma/ Compare it to these crimson crescent lesions in the mouths of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome patients. "Burke A. Cunha, MD, discovered what he called crimson crescents in the mouths of 80% of his CFS patients. After the word got out, Cunha received calls from other parts of the country. Physicians began telling him that they also were finding the crimson crescents in their patients once they looked for them." https://www.prohealth.com/library/crimson-crescents-facilitate-chronic-fatigue-syndrome-cfs-diagnosis-11266 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome patients may have undiagnosed internal Kaposi's Sarcoma. Susan Levin found HHV-8, the Kaposi's Sarcoma virus, in half of CFS patients she looked at. Prevalence in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of the Following Infectious Agents in a Cohort of 12 CFS Subjects Susan Levine Published online: 04 Dec 2011 ABSTR...
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Perplexity on K.S. and AIDS and inflammation

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  Discuss the issue of K.S. happening despite ART use Kaposi sarcoma (KS) can and does occur in people living with HIV, even when they are on effective antiretroviral therapy (ART). While ART has dramatically reduced the incidence and severity of KS, several important points explain why KS still happens despite ART use: Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS): Some individuals develop KS or see it worsen shortly after starting ART, in what is known as KS-IRIS. This is thought to be due to immune system recovery leading to a paradoxical inflammatory response, which can unmask or exacerbate KS—even when HIV viral load drops and CD4 counts begin to rise. Rapidly disseminated or aggressive KS has been reported in these cases, sometimes within months of starting ART. Persistent Risk Despite Good Immune Recovery: Studies have documented cases of KS in patients who maintain undetectable HIV viral loads and normal CD4 counts for years. This includes long-term HIV survivors and o...
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How Kaposi's Sarcoma almost undermined the HIV theory of AIDS

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Shaking the Very Foundations of AIDS Orthodoxy : Kaposi's Sarcoma: Two studies of this condition pose a question once considered a heresy: What if HIV is not the cause of the epidemic? January 28, 1990 | KATIE LEISHMAN | Katie Leishman, a national correspondent for the Atlantic, is the author of "Epidemic," to be published by Doubleday. http://articles.latimes.com/1990-01-28/opinion/op-1358_1_aids-patients This is what oral Kaposi's Sarcoma looks like. Source:  https://doctorspiller.com/kaposis-sarcoma/ Compare it to these crimson crescent lesions in the mouths of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome patients. "Burke A. Cunha, MD, discovered what he called crimson crescents in the mouths of 80% of his CFS patients. After the word got out, Cunha received calls from other parts of the country. Physicians began telling him that they also were finding the crimson crescents in their patients once they looked for them." https://www.prohealth.com/...
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https://hhv-6foundation.org/cihhv-6/the-activation-of-cihhv-6-by-telomeric-circle-formation-qa-with-dr-bhupesh-prusty Tweet If you have Amazon Prime or Kindle Unlimited, you can immediately begin reading The Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Epidemic Cover-up and you will soon understand why the facts about the Chronic Fatigue Syndrome epidemic have been hidden from the public for almost four decades. Click here to begin reading Or purchase a print copy for only $20 shipped by Amazon Prime  If you want to know the truth about the Chronic Fatigue Syndrome epidemic, you need to discover the reporting of Neenyah Ostrom. For a decade, starting in 1988, Ostrom reported on Chronic Fatigue Syndrome for a newspaper called New York Native . What her reporting uncovered about the true nature of the Chronic Fatigue Syndrome epidemic will shock you.                                 ...
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Anthony Fauci was part of the gang that silenced and destroyed Judy Mikovits.

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Read the interview in which Judy Mikovits called Chronic Fatigue Syndrome "Non-HIV AIDS." https://www.prohealth.com/library/plague-an-interview-with-judy-mikovits-32911   If you have Amazon Prime or Kindle Unlimited you can immediately begin reading this book. If you have Amazon Prime or Kindle Unlimited, you can immediately begin reading The Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Epidemic Cover-up and you will soon understand why the facts about the Chronic Fatigue Syndrome epidemic have been hidden from the public for almost four decades. Click here to begin reading Or purchase a print copy for only $20 shipped by Amazon Prime  This is the book causing heated debates about Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and HHV-6, "The Fifty Shades of AIDS Virus," in laboratories, doctor's offices, and homes all over the world.                                         ...
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How much HIV research can be replicated? Is the whole field of AIDS build on HIV pseudoscience that cannot be replicated? We need an HIV replication movement that demands it all be replicated. We need to know if HIV is a solid as XMRV. How has HIV helped hide the epidemic of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome which has been called "Non-HIV AIDS"? Read this book if you want to know the whole story. Available now on Amazon here .
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https://www.gscene.com/news/new-doctors-guidelines-for-severe-me/ On April 16, 1996, Congressman Jerrold Nadler spoke on the floor of Congress about his request for a General Accounting investigation into how the CDC had handled the Chronic Fatigue Syndrome epidemic. Nadler did that at the urging of Charles Ortleb, the publisher and the New York Native and his reporter Neenyah Ostrom. Ortleb and Ostrom had made the case to Nadler that Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and the virus it had been linked to, HHV-6, were serious public health issues.                                                 In an interview in New York Native with Neenyah Ostrom,Congressman Nadler said, "Congress can mandate research into CFS as a viral disease. Maybe it will turn out that HHV-6A is the cause of CFS; maybe it will turn out that other viruses are involved. But Con...
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